While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today. The included studies were of moderate-to-high quality. The characteristics of included studies are provided in Table1. PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Science Direct, and Ovid were searched for published records from beginning 1990 to August 2018. Further, the first 10 pages of Google Scholar function, World Health Organization and World Bank websites were also searched for relevant studies. Additional file 1 provides the terms and search strategy in PubMed.
Some other studies were related to the current interventions for the prevention and control of WPS that were incompatible with the various needs of the new generations of adolescents. They are poly-users, occasional and social users, and have fast access to new products via the web . According to the type of the included studies, the critical appraisal checklists of the Joanna Briggs Institute were used for quality appraisal. The Joanna Briggs Institute is an international, membership based research and development organization within the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Adelaide. JBI Critical appraisal tools have been developed by the JBI and collaborators and approved by the JBI Scientific Committee following extensive peer review. These tools were preliminary for use in systematic reviews.
Smoking cigars or pipes increases the likelihood of having heart disease or a stroke. Cigars boost the risk of early death from coronary heart disease by 30%. These are the two broadest subdivisions of vaporizers bongss, although often the distinctions are blurred. The Mac Baren brand is known throughout the world and since the start in 1826 Mac Baren has been producing pipe tobacco of the highest quality.
They consist of a downward curve that ends with an upcurve where the bowl sits. Beneath the bowl is an air chamber which serves to cool, dry, and mellow the smoke. These typically do not have an air chamber and are so named only because of their external shape.
Wilke Pipe Tobacco does not sell tobacco related products to anyone under the age of 21. Although there are extensive WPS restrictive rules in countries , the lack of coordination between the involved organizations and the lack of executive support have led to their inefficiency . Community involvement and advocacy were found among the strongest WPS prevention measures . Moreover, community representatives, local and identical groups, and local community centers advocacy had shown some extend of efficacy as management interventions . Additionally, the type of study design included cross-sectional (31.57%), quasi-experimental (15.78%), and qualitative types (23.68%). Primary studies aiming at evaluating, at least, one intervention in preventing and controlling WPS were included.